Sinusoidal Back EMF Waveform The motors contain very low voltage harmonics because of the precise location of the coil elements and inherent smoothing of the waveform due to the coil configuration in the air gap. This provides exceptionally smooth constant torque independent of rotor angle with sinusoidal drives and controllers. This characteristic is especially useful for slow-moving objects (e.g., telescopes, optical scanners, and robotics) and precision surface machining, where smooth motion control is crucial. |